The motor uses permanent magnet on the rotor. Step angles range from 1.5 to 30 degrees. Permanent magnet motors are the most common and versatile stepper motor; this includes both unipolar (bifilar) and bipolar types.
Variable reluctance motors have a free-moving rotor. No residual torque is produced due to the lack of a permanent magnet. The rotor is instead composed of a soft iron metal. The rotor is also composed of its own very prominent poles, which tend to stick out more than a rotor found on the PM version. Step angles: 7.5 to 30 degrees single power source required (like a bifilar PM motor). Variable reluctance motors are the least expensive stepper motor.
Hybrid motors consist of a heavily toothed PM rotor and toothed stators, plus prominent rotor poles like a VR rotor. These motors have very fine step angles: 0.5 to 15 degrees. Hybrid motors have high-speed capability (less chance of a stall) and higher available torque than PM or VR stepper motors. Hybrids are the most effective, but most expensive stepper motor type.
Unlisted or specialized stepper motor construction.
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Stepper motor configurations can have different numbers of leads depending on the specific winding wiring. For example, bipolar PM motors can have 4, 5, or 6 leads. Unipolar PM motors can commonly have 5 or 6 leads (two windings with two ends plus center taps, which may or may not be tied together). Hybrid motors frequently contain 8 leads, and multiphase motors can have different lead configurations (for example, a motor wired for 5-phase power could have 5 or 10 leads). Consult with manufacturer for specific winding, wiring, and lead information.
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This category includes units with single integral gearheads, or replaceable / interchangeable gearhead options.
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Spur gear heads include one or more sets of pinion-gear sets, in which one pinion drives one gear. These sets can be stacked or cascaded to achieve higher reduction ratios.
Planetary gear heads involve several gears per stage rather than one pinion-gear set. A "sun gear" drives multiple planet or satellite gears, which then mesh on the inside of an internal or annular gear to provide relatively high torque and power transmission ratings.
Harmonic drives are extremely precise speed reduction systems, which transmit power via a rotating elliptical element that engages a flexible cup that then engages an internal gear, typically fixed. This power transmission delivers precise angular position in very high input-to-output ratio (50:1 & up) applications.
Worm gearing uses right-angled drives in which a worm drives a wheel coupled to the output shaft or shafts. This arrangement is used for high reduction and compact right-angle power transmission.
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Gearbox ratio is the ratio of input speed to output speed. A ratio greater than one indicates speed reduction, while a ratio less than one indicates speed increase.
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Efficiency is the percentage of power or torque that is transferred through the gearbox. Losses occur due to factors such as friction and slippage inside the gearbox.
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Integral encoders are attached for angular position signal. These encoders may include absolute or incremental encoders and a number of different encoder signal types.
Integral resolvers indicate angular position. Resolvers often rely on magnetic fields and are typically very robust; they are sometimes specified for harsh environments.
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Two output shafts. This may be one coming out the front and one coming out the back, or two coming out from a transverse gearbox.
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Refers to the base units for specifications such as diameter, length, and threading. Combinations are possible and this information is not known for some products.
Metric units such as millimeters or centimeters are used for primary dimensions as the shaft size, mounting geometry, etc.
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Square motor bodies have a square or rectangular shape.
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NEMA frame sizes conform to a standard size and mounting configuration identified by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). Only numerical sizes are searchable in this field.
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Totally enclosed motors have an enclosure that prevents free exchange of air between the inside and the outside of the enclosure. Common ratings are TEFC (fan-cooled) and TENV (non-ventilated); this is not an airtight rating. These motors are most frequently used in potentially contaminated environments.
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Drip-proof motors contain ventilation openings that are designed so that drops of liquid or solid particles falling from any angle within 15 degrees of vertical cannot enter the motor.
Motors with an IP rating of IPx1 through IPx9 are considered drip-proof.
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Clean rooms are classified by particulate size and density in the ambient air. One such rating method classifies rooms according to number of particles larger than 0.5 micron in one cubic foot of air. There are various governmental, metric, and international standards. Motors rated for suitability in a clean room will identify the particular standard for which they are rated.
Explosion-proof motors have totally enclosed housings that are constructed to withstand internal explosion of a specified gas, vapor, or dust. Should such an explosion occur, the enclosure would prevent the ignition or explosion of the gas or vapor surrounding the motor enclosure. Several explosion-proof ratings are governed by Underwriter's Laboratories (UL).
Radiation-hardened motors are constructed of materials designed to withstand high-energy gamma radiation. Ratings are expressed in units such as permissible RADs in total accumulated dose (TAD).
Vacuum-rated motors incorporate features such as lubricant vapor pressure below rated ambient vacuum and construction techniques.
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